Archived Literature and Publications

Bank of England

• The October 2016 sterling flash episode: when liquidity disappeared from one of the most liquid markets (October 27, 2017)
• Investor behaviour and reaching for yield: evidence from the sterling corporate bond market (October 20, 2017)
• Eight centuries of the risk-free rate: bond market reversals from the Venetians to the ‘VaR shock’ (October 20, 2017)
• International credit supply shocks (October 6, 2017)
• Judging the adequacy of return distribution estimation techniques in initial margin models (September 1, 2017)
• Machine learning at central banks (September 1, 2017)
• Central Bank information and the effects of monetary shocks (August 25, 2017)
• Bank Capital and risk-taking: evidence from misconduct provisions (August 18, 2017)
• The economics of distributed ledger technology for securities settlement (August 18, 2017)
• Central counterparty auction design (August 11, 2017)
• The impact of Solvency II regulations on life insurers' investment behavior (July 7, 2017)
• Dealer intermediation, market liquidity and the impact of regulatory reform (July 14, 2017)

• Step away from the zero lower bond: small open economies in a world of secular stagnation (July 14, 2017)

• Financial Stability Report (June 2017)

  • Prepared twice per calendar year by the Financial Policy Committee (FPC), the Financial Stability Report (FSR) outlines the FPC's outlook on the state of financial stability throughout the United Kingdom. In this report, the FPC addresses the UK countercyclical capital buffer rate, stress losses on consumer credit lending, insurance measures in the mortgage market, leverage ratio standards, cyber resilience, and contingency planning to mitigate financial instability in anticipation of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union.
• Financial Stability Report (November 2016)
  • The Bank of England's stress testing of major UK banks in 2016 incorporated a misconduct cost stress, perhaps reflecting fines totaling to over $300 billion paid by banks for misconduct since the financial crisis in 2008. Looking forward to the 2017 stress tests, an additional biennial exploratory scenario (BES) will be added for the first time to probe the resilience of the system to risks that may not be precisely linked to the financial cycle.
  • The UK leverage ratio framework will also be reviewed in 2017, with a recalibration of the standard to include the exclusion of central bank reserves from the exposure measure of the leverage ratio.
• [Staff Working Paper No. 609: The role of collateral in supporting liquidity (August 2016)][16]
  • Yuliya Baranova, Zijun Liu, and Joseph Noss predict that a future period of stress could cause demand for high-quality collateral to spike while at the same time limiting its supply, thereby exacerbating market conditions. While the imbalance between supply and demand for collateral would likely eventually resolve itself as potential returns for collateral lenders increased, it could herald a costly breakdown in the network of intermediaries that facilitate collateral posting. The authors predict that the supply of collateral could be exhausted in the absence of additional central bank debt issuance when the VIX index rises above 44 for a sustained period of about three months, and warn that higher collateral requirements might considerably lower that VIX threshold.

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision

• Implications of fintech developments for banks and bank supervisors – consultative document (August 31, 2017)
• Criteria for identifying simple, transparent and comparable short-term securitisations (July 2017)
• Capital treatment for simple, transparent and comparable short-term securitisations (July 2017)
• IOSCO CR05/2017 Open-ended Fund Liquidity and Risk Management - Good Practices and Issues for Consideration
• IOSCO CR02/2017 Framework for supervisory stress testing of central counterparites (CCPs) and Cover Note
• IOSCO FR12/2017 Analysis of Central Clearing Interdependencies
• Implementation of Basel Standards (July 2017)
• Simplified alternative to the standardized approach to market risk capital requirements - consultative report (June 2017)
• Basel III - the Liquidity Coverage ratio: frequently asked questions (June 2017)
• Twelfth progress report on adoption of the Basel regulatory framework (April 2017)
  • A little more than two thirds of Basel member jurisdictions have implemented rules surrounding the standardized approach for measuring counterparty credit risk (SA-CCR) and bank exposures to central counterparties. Since credit risk exposures contribute directly to the Basel III capital requirements, the implementation of SA-CCR may in some cases drastically increase or decrease capital charges, particularly because of the framework’s somewhat limited recognition of risk offsets from margining.
• Global systemically important banks – revised assessment framework (March 2017)
  • Basel’s revised assessment framework for global systemically important banks (G-SIB) includes a proposal to remove the current cap on the substitutability category (one of five categories in the methodology). Substitutability measures how replaceable a bank is in the event of failure, and relies on three factors: payments, asset custody and securities underwriting. Removal of the cap would primarily affect institutions with large custodial businesses, such as BNY Mellon, Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, and State Street.
• Minimum capital requirements for market risk [finalized result of Basel’s fundamental review of the trading book] (January 2016)
  • A fundamental review of the trading book (FRTB) led to the revised market risk framework, published in January 2016 and coming into effect in January 2019. One of the biggest questions moving forward is to what extent the new framework will impact capital requirements. The Basel Committee estimates that the revised framework will increase capital by 40% on average, but the impact of new rules surrounding internal models (for example, desk-level modelling approval is tied to a bank’s ability to correctly estimate P&L and there are limitations of modellable and non-modellable risk factors) is unclear.

Bank for International Settlement

• Effects of capital controls on foreign exchange liquidity (August 2017)
• Segmented money markets and covered interest parity arbitrage (July 2017)
• Financial deglobalisation in banking? (June 2017) The shifting drivers of global liquidity (June 2017)
• Macroprudential policy and bank risk (June 2017)
• Framework for supervisory stress testing of central counterparties (CCPs) - consultative report (June 2017)
• BIS Central Bank Hub
• BIS Committee Publications
  • The sterling 'flash event' of 7 October 2016 (January 2017)
    • The October 7 sterling flash event is an additional data point in what appears to be a series of flash events occuring in a broad range of fast, electronic markets. Such moves are likely amplified by derivatives hedging flows and stop-loss orders and the resultant withdrawals of liquidity, while transient, warrant further investigation into the resilience and liquidity in financial markets.
  • Resilience and recovery of central counterparties: Further guidance on the PFMI (August 2016)
    • With regulatory mandates for the central clearing of many more standard over-the-counter derivatives, central counterparties (CCPs) have become increasingly critical to the financial system in recent years. Thus, the financial resilience of CCPs and their ability to withstand both clearing member failures and other stress events are crucial for the mitigation of systemic risk. While CCP risk management has become increasingly robust, the potential directional biases in CCP clearing amongst dealers (as compared to transactions with end-users) may cause issues with the disposition of transactions in the event of a major dealer failure.
• BIS Papers
• BIS Statistics and Additional Tools
• BIS Working Papers
  • Redemption risk and cash hoarding by asset managers (January 2017)
  • Bank networks: contagion, systemic risk and prudential policy (December 2016)
  • The failure of covered interest parity: FX hedging demand and costly balance sheets (October 2016)
    • Bank capital and funding cost constraints may limit the arbitrage opportunities presented by covered interest parity.

Commodity Futures Trading Commission

• CFTC Orders The Royal Bank of Scotland to Pay $85 Million Penalty for Attempted Manipulation of U.S. Dollar ISDAFIX Benchmark Swap Rates (February 2017)
  • With this most recent enforcement action, the CFTC has imposed over $5.2 billion in penalties against banks and brokers with relationship to ISDAFIX, foreign exchange, and LIBOR benchmark issues. The settlement reinforces the importance of the integrity of derivatives benchmarks, which market participants rely upon to settle and to value a wide range of derivatives transactions.
• Supervisory Stress Test of Clearinghouses Report (November 2016)
• Margin Requirements for Uncleared Swaps for Swap Dealers and Major Swap Participants (May 2016)

European Central Bank

• Multiple lending, credit lines and financial contagion (July 31, 2017)
• Bank business models at zero interest rates (June 2017)
• Financial globalization, monetary policy spillovers and macro-modelling: tales from 1001 shocks (June 2017)
• The recent evolution of global risks - an assessment (June 2017)
• The leverage ratio, risk-taking and bank stability (June 2017)
• The importance of being special: repo markets during the crisis (May 2017)
• How does risk flow in the credit default swap market? (March 2017)
• Is collateral eligibility priced? (February 2017)
• EU-wide stress testing

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

• Regulatory Incentives and Quarter-End Dynamics in the Repo Market (Liberty Street Economics - August 7, 2017)
• At the New York Fed: The Appropriate Government Role in U.S. Mortgage Markets (August 23, 2017)
• Were Banks 'Boring' before the Repeal of Class-Steagall? (July 31, 2017)
• How the Fed Changes the Size of its Blance Sheet: The Case of Mortgage-Backed Securities (July 11, 2017)
• The ARRC Selects a Broad Repo Rate as its Preferred Alternative Reference Rate (June 22, 2017)

Federal Reserve Board

• Wayne Passmore and Alexander H. von Hafften, Improving the 30-Year Fixed-Rate Mortgage (August 2017)
• How have banks been managing the composition of high-quality liquid assets? (August 2017)
• Forward-looking and Incentive-compatible Operational Risk Capital Framework (August 2017)
• Why Are Banks Not Recapitalized During Crises? (August 2017)
• Monetary Policy Report (July 7, 2017)
• Interest Rate Volatility and Sudden Stops: an Empirical Investigation (June 2017)
• Federal Reserve CCAR results (June 28, 2017)
• DFAST 2017 test results (June 22, 2017)
• Market Liquidity after the Financial Crisis (June 28, 2017)
• Low Interest rates and Bank Profits (June 21, 2017)
• The Shifting Drivers of Global Liquidity (June 2017)
• Dealer Balance Sheets and Corporate Bond Liquidity Provision (May 2017)
  • "We find that post-crisis regulation has had an adverse impact on bond-level liquidity."
• Measuring the Severity of Stress-Test Scenarios (May 2017)
• SR 17-3: Initial Examinations for Compliance with Minimum Variation Margin Requirements for Non-Cleared Swaps and Non-Cleared Security Based Swaps (February 2017)
• Federal Reserve Board releases scenarios for 2017 Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) and Dodd-Frank Act stress test exercises and issues instructions to firms participating in CCAR (February 2017)
• Federal Reserve releases results of supervisory bank stress tests (June 2016)

Financial Stability Board

• FSB reports on reforms to OTC derivatives markets (June 29, 2017)
• FSB Global Shadow Banking Monitoring Report 2016 (May 10, 2017)

International Monetary Fund

• Stabilizing the System of Mortgage Finance in the United States (August 8, 2017)
• Cyber Risk, Market Failures, and Financial Stability (August 7, 2017)
• Back to the Future: The Nature of Regulatory Capital Requirements (August 4, 2017)
• The Nonlinear Interaction Between Monetary Policy and Financial Stress (August 4, 2017)
• Designing a Simple Loss Function for Central Banks: Does a Dual Mandate Make Sense? (July 19, 2017)
• On Swing Pricing and Systemic Risk Mitigation (July 18, 2017)
• Basel Compliance and Financial Stability: Evidence from Islamic Banks (July 18, 2017)
• Central Bank Emergency Support to Securities Markets (July 10, 2017)
• Financial Stability Analysis: What are the Data Needs? (July 10, 2017)
• Towards Macroprudential Stress Testing: Incorporating MAcro-Feedback Effects (June 30, 2017)
• Extensive Margin Adjustment of Multi-Product Firm and Risk Diversification (June 30, 2017)
• Capital Controls and the Cost of Debt (June 9, 2017)
• Collateral Reuse and Balance Sheet Space (May 2017)
• Measuring Concentration Risk - A Partial Portfolio Approach (August 2016)
• Fragilities in the U.S. Treasury Market : Lessons from the “Flash Rally” of October 15, 2014 (October 2015)

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

• Semiannual Risk Perspective (Fall 2016)
  • Strategic, credit, operational, and compliance risk remain top concerns. Risk governance over sales practices was highlighted in light of recent challenges in risk oversight and governance.
• [Detecting Red Flags in Board Reports, A Guide For Directors (September 2013)]
• Unique and Hard-to-Value Assets (August 2012)
• Supervisory Guidance on Model Risk Management (April 2011)

International Swaps and Derivatives Association

• SwapsInfo Second Quarter 2017 Review (August 16, 2017)
• ISDA videos on alternatives interest rate benchmarks (July 6, 2017)
  • ISDA webcasts
  • The Search for Alternative Risk-free Reference Rates
  • Identifying Robust Fallbacks for the IBORs
  • The EU Benchmarks Regulation
• ISDA OTC Derivatives Compliance Calendar (Updated June 30, 2017)
  • A regularly updated global calendar of compliance deadlines and regulatory dates for the OTC derivatives space.
• ISDA SIMM Methodology, version R1.3 (April 2017)
  • ISDA's SIMM is one potential solution for market participants who need to comply with recent CFTC margin regulations for uncleared over-the-counter derivative transactions. The SIMM applies agreed upon stress factors, which are updated from time to time to reflect contemporaneous market conditions, to derivative risk sensitivities (e.g., delta, vega). Market participants should be cognizant of the fact that although initial margin posting can perhaps mitigate systemic risk, it is likely insufficient to insulate individual market participants from counterparty credit losses.
• Variation Margin Big Bang Transition, Relief and Guidelines (March 2017)
  • The deadline for compliance with new rules on variation margin was March 1, 2017, but slow repapering rates forced regulators to grant forebearance until September 2017. The new variation margin rules, which require updated collateral agreements, may lead to forced unwinds and market disruption if dealers are unable to repaper their collateral documentation before the deadline imposed by regulators. Indeed, end users without the necessary collateral agreements in place may lose their existing derivatives transactions or find it difficult to execute new transactions.

Risk.net

• US regulators approve VM route to capital savings (August 21, 2017)
• Banks warn clients of possible unwinds as VM deadline nears (August 21, 2017)
• Capital savings from new IM regime elude dealers (August 17, 2017)
• CCP margin backtests can hide flaws, research finds (July 4, 2017)
• Buy side unimpressed with Mifid II cost transparency rules (June 28, 2017)
• Op risk managers not sold on SMA alternatives (June 29, 2017)
• Russian central bank slams ruling in $1bn Sber
• Spectre of mass swap unwinds looms ahead of VM deadline (May 24, 2017)
• FSB asks whether CCPs could become shock-transmitters (May 11, 2017)
• CFTC counsel warns of threat to clearing portability (April 25, 2017)

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

• Report to Congress: Access to Capital and Market Liquidity (August 2017)
• Investor Bulletin: Initial Coin Offerings (July 25, 2017)
• Access to Capital and Market Liquidity (August 2017)
• SEC sanctions investment manager for overvaluing assets on financial statements (July 19, 2017)
• Risk Adjustment and Haircut Schedules (November 2016)
• Investment Adviser Due Diligence Processes for Selecting Alternative Investments and Their Respective Managers (January 2014)
• SEC EDGAR - access to more than 21 million corporate filings
• SEC Litigation Releases
• SEC Staff No Action, Interpretive, and Exemptive Letters

European Securities and Markets Authority

• ESMA MiFID II Implementation Q&A update (July 7, 2017)